China’s Consumers Are in a Yearslong Funk. Will Anything Get Them to Spend?

Shoppers all over the world are buying more stuff from China than ever before. Even Americans are, despite the rising cost of tariffs.

The only people who aren’t, it seems, are those in China.

That is at the heart of a very big problem for China’s top leadership as it tries to steer a weakening economy through the volatility of the trade war with the United States. China depends on the world’s consumers to keep its economy steady, a point that was made clear on Monday by its latest economic update.

China is on track this year to export $1 trillion more than it imports. That massive imbalance, and the country’s reliance on exports, complicates China’s position as its top leader, Xi Jinping, is expected to talk with President Trump next week. It is a growing concern for Mr. Trump, and officials around the world are insisting that China rebalance its economy more toward domestic consumer spending.

The challenges at home include youth unemployment, a threadbare social welfare system and an aging population. But the government has failed to take on these problems aggressively, instead tinkering with incremental policy changes and doubling down on investing in the factories that generate goods for export.

Top Chinese officials, after meeting this week to plot the country’s policies for the next five years, said on Thursday that they would “closely integrate improving people’s livelihoods with promoting consumption,” without offering any policy details.

Yet tackling these issues could go a long way toward getting to the root of the problem for consumers like Chen Yiling, a mother of two.

“I think the current economic climate is too bad,” Ms. Chen, 35, said as she browsed knickknacks with her 3-year-old daughter at a mall on the outskirts of Shanghai. “It’s hard for anyone to find a job, and even if they do, they’re easily fired.” Her husband works in finance but does not have a permanent job. The family is living off savings.

It never came.

Unlike many national governments that handed out money to families during the pandemic, Beijing never put cash in people’s pockets. Households generally have less income today than they did before the pandemic, and they are dealing with rising health care costs. Chinese companies were also left to fend for themselves, and many cut back on pay and started letting employees go.

A crash in housing prices that began in 2021 has also weighed heavily in a country where people sank their savings into real estate.

Ms. Chen owns four apartments, three of which are occupied by her family. The other is rented out, but her tenant is asking her to lower the rent.

“Many people are giving up their leases,” Ms. Chen said. “Rents aren’t as high as they were in previous years, so everyone’s looking to lower their rents.”

To rev up the economy, Beijing started a consumer trade-in campaign in 2024 for people to exchange their old household appliances and cars for cheaper new ones. This year it added smartphones and other electronics.

“If there’s a need, that’s great,” said Tang Ying, who was shopping for a pillow with her partner on a recent Friday. “But if there’s no need, I wouldn’t go out of my way to buy something just because of the subsidy.”

Ms. Tang works for a company in the medical devices industry, which she said was going through layoffs. “This has led to a bit of a tight spot,” she said. Ms. Tang, who said she used to spend thousands of dollars a year on luxury items, has cut way back, though she used subsidies to replace a broken air-conditioner.

For the government to get consumers to feel confident to spend more, it will have to fix its pension system, which offers an average of $1 a day in retirement for more than half of China’s retired population.

“This is really a problem that I strongly believe is at the core of China’s consumption,” Mr. Lu said. “If you don’t want to fall into poverty when you retire, then you have to save.”

Many people who have lost their jobs in recent years, or who have graduated without employment prospects, have turned to delivering food or packages. The gig economy employs more than 200 million people in jobs that have traditionally been insecure with limited benefits and often no social insurance.

For many young people, it is hard to see the benefit of saving when the government itself has flagged an underfunded system that may soon run out of money.

The government has so far made small fixes. It changed rules last month to require all employers to contribute to benefits for employees. Last year, it raised the statutory retirement age for the first time since the 1950s.

On a recent weekday, Huang Weijia, 45, and Jenny Wu, 42, were on a break from work at a community care clinic nearby. They shared a conversation and an ice cream inside a mall in the eastern city of Jiaxing. Both said that their salaries as doctors, about $1,400 a month, had decreased slightly, but that they felt relatively safe because they had government jobs.

“My spending is higher at this stage, so it feels like expenses are particularly high, and it feels like I can’t save much,” said Ms. Wu, who has two teenagers and spends as much as $7,000 a year on each of their extracurricular studies.

Ms. Huang chimed in, referring to her generation: “I think we’re the biggest spenders right now.” She also has two teenagers, and she estimated that she spent similar to what Ms. Wu did on each of her children.

“Our parents are also getting older now, and they’re getting sick more often,” Ms. Huang said. “I used to think I could save while spending, but now I feel like I can’t.”

Li You contributed research.